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Data structures and management

Data structures help a wide range of users keep data in order, easily available for use and stored efficiently, organized logically within the organization’s digital space. Each data structure is built to assist organizations with a variety of needs and functions pertaining to data management. After data is stored appropriately, management processes are essential including routine tasks for data-loss prevention and ensuring the organization’s data status at all times. This category specified the best practices relevant for storing and managing data.

Data structures and management

Backup Concepts

Data backup is the technique of moving data from a primary to a secondary location in order to protect it in the event of a disaster, accident, or malicious activity. Even while manual data backup is an option, most businesses employ at least one common backup technology solution to guarantee that systems are constantly and routinely backed up.

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Backup Retention Policy

A backup retention policy is an internal organizational guideline that specifies what data the organization retains, where it is retained and for how long. Retention rules are important for several reasons, mainly in order to keep customer or client data safe and easily available. Retention policies may vary according to the specific demands and needs of the sector involved - healthcare, education, IT and retail. Some retention policies could additionally specify when particular pieces of data must be deleted.

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Column-oriented Database

One of the most common non-relational databases. Wide-column databases, also known as column family databases, are a particular kind of NoSQL database in which the names and formats of the columns can differ between rows, even within the same table. The fact that data is organized into columns makes it possible to search and load the full column rapidly when a query is made for a specific value in a column. Examples include Apache Cassandra, ScyllaDB and Apache Parquet.

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Data Inventory

A data inventory is a comprehensive list of all data assets owned by a company (also known as a data map or data mapping). A properly-maintained data inventory contains up-to-date, thorough information about the data as well as the organization's sources for the data. When properly constructed, a data map can offer significant insights into the different types of data that an organization gathers, where that data is located, who has access to it, and how that data is used.

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Data Management

Data management refers to the process of consuming, storing, organizing, and managing the data produced and gathered by an organization. Effective data management is a critical component of IT systems that run business applications and provide analytical data that enables corporate executives, business managers, and other end users to execute operational decision-making and strategic planning.

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Data Movement / Data Flow

Data flow refers to the movement of data through a system made up of hardware, software, or both. Data flow is frequently described using a model or diagram that depicts the full process of moving data from one part of a program or system to the next, while taking into account how it's form changes along the way.

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Differential Backup

One of the four main backup types. All files that have changed since the last full backup are included in the differential backup. Unlike a complete backup or an incremental backup, a differential backup has the advantage of speeding up the restoration process. However, if you run the differential backup too frequently, it can end up taking up more space than the initial full backup.

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Document Database

One of the most common non-relational databases. A document database controls a collection of named string fields and object data values in an entity known as a "document." Document databases offer a large deal of flexibility by not requiring that all documents maintain the same data structures. Documents are commonly saved as JSON files, which can be encoded using a number of different methods, including XML, YAML, JSON, BSON, or plain text.

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Full Backup

One of the four main backup types, which contains all of the information stored in the folders and files that are chosen to be backed up, and serves as the foundation for all other forms of backup. Because full backups keep all files and directories, they enable quicker and easier restoration processes.

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Graph Database

These are the most complicated non-relational databases, created to effectively store relationships between entities. Graph databases are excellent solutions when data is heavily interrelated, such as in purchasing and manufacturing systems or catalogs used for reference. Examples include FlockDB and GraphDB.

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Incremental Backup

One of the four main backup types. The incremental backup procedure saves any files that have changed since the last full, differential or incremental or backup. The benefit of an incremental backup is the short period of time it takes from initiation to completion. However, each incremental backup must be analyzed during a restoration procedure, which could take some time.

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Key-value Database

One of the most common non-relational databases. The key-value store is the simplest NoSQL database and, as its name suggests, is only a collection of key-value pairs stored within an object. Examples include Redis, Amazon DynamoDB and Oracle NoSQL database.

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Mirror backup

One of the four main backup types. The mirror backup is similar to the full backup, but the files are not compressed in zip files and cannot be password protected. A mirror backup is mostly used to produce an exact copy of the source data. The advantage of a mirror backup is that programs may easily view the backup files.

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Non-Relational Database

The non-relational database, often known as a NoSQL database, holds data, but unlike in relational databases, this data is stored without any tables, rows, or primary keys. Instead, the non-relational database employs a storage architecture tailored to the particular needs of the sort of data being stored.

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Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR)

Point-in-Time Recovery (PITR) is a technique that enables a database administrator to restore or recover a set of data from a backup that dates back to a specific point in time. Once PITR begins logging a database, the administrator can restore a database backup from a specific point in time. When someone unintentionally deletes a table or records from a database or if something goes wrong and corrupts the current database, PITR is crucial. The quickest way to handle this is to collect the transaction logs and restore the database to a previous "known good" point.

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Relational Database

A relational database, also known as a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) or SQL (Structure Query Language) database, is a collection of data items with pre-established relationships between them. Data items in relational databases are organized as a series of tables with columns and rows. A field keeps the actual value of an attribute, and each column in a table holds a specific type of data. The table's rows stand for a group of connected values for a single object or entity. A primary key, which serves as a distinctive identifier for every row in a table, can be used to link rows from different tables together.

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Semi-structured Data

Semi-structured data, sometimes referred to as partially-structured data, is data that lacks the tabular organization common to relational databases and other types of data tables but still has tags and metadata to distinguish semantic components and create hierarchies of records and fields.

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Shadow Data

Shadow data are company records that are hidden from organizational view or not covered by a centralized data management framework, putting them at higher risk. Shadow data is typically the result of data that has been copied, backed up, or stored in a datastore that is not controlled, is not governed by the organizational security framework, and is not kept up-to-date.

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Snapshots

Snapshot backups are primarily used to act as the system's restore point to when the snapshot was taken and to restore a system, virtual machine, disk, or drive to operating condition. It differs from a backup copy and does not actually store the data; rather, it merely specifies where and how the data was kept and arranged at a specific time.

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Structured Data

Structured data is data that is in a standardized format, has a well-defined structure, follows a consistent order, and is easily accessed by humans and programs. Usually, a database is used to store this type of data.

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Types of Databases

The functionality that databases offer to users is largely dependent on their design. Since data is a dynamic object, there are many different ways it can be stored, and therefore businesses create database systems to meet their own requirements.

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Unstructured Data

Unstructured data can take on any number of different forms and lacks any pre-established formation. Unstructured data examples include graphics and text files such as PDF documents, as well as video and audio files.

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Versioning

Backup versioning is the process through which a backup solution enables a computer file to have several archived versions. A number of a file’s previous versions are typically stored in file systems that support backup versioning. Most versioning programs periodically snapshot changing files at hourly, daily, weekly, and monthly intervals.

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